Figure 3.3b Share of new patented agricultural technologies at destination that cite novel scientific knowledge from origin by region, 1985–2022-行业数据

.. and for novel scientific knowledge worldwide scientific knowledge from origin by region, 1985-2022 Enabling environment: institutions, markets and infrastructure technologies. Infrastructure, functioning markets and appropriate IP frameworks enable diffusion. In addition, evidence shows that support for trusted intermediaries, such as extension services, farmer networks, suppliers, and cooperatives, play an important role in facilitating the use of new technologies.10 They also help train and equip farmers with the advanced and specialized knowledge required to use them.11 other species, or by synthetic construct, in order to make crops more robust and tolerant of specific farming challenges. Scientists can modify crops to resist pests, tolerate herbicide, stability (in the expression of the trait introduced) and for yield performance, and finally sent for regulatory approval for cultivation in the country concerned.13 Developing new crops can be lenghty. One study found that it can take about seven to ten years takes an average of 16.5 years to discover, develop and get authorization to sell crops with new (GM) trait, depending on the crop type.15 countries regulate both the farming and the importation of crops with GM traits. Crops with GM technology must first be approved by the regulators before importation or cultivation.