1、AFRICA ENERGY2025GLOBAL BUSINESS REPORTSAlfonso TejerinaDirector and General ManagerGlobal Business ReportsFor many of Africas most emblematic oil and gas jurisdictions,2025 has been a year of transfor-mation,with countries approaching first oil,achieving first oil,or,in more mature jurisdictions,re

2、jigging existing frameworks to heed off the end of oil.From one end of the spectrum to the other,African governments are reviewing their sometimes challenged histories with the natural resources sector and calling into question old ways of doing business.Governments across the continent,including ne

3、wly inducted members of the oil and gas pro-ducing club,such as Senegal and Cte dIvoire,and soon to become members,like Namibia,are redefining their relationships with the old order,from mining to hydrocarbons.Namibia is racing to become an oil producer,and the government itself is under the new lea

4、dership of Namib-ias first-ever female president,Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah,who took office in March 2025.Her SWAPO party,which has governed Namibia since independence,has announced a regulatory shake-up for the oil and gas industry,shifting the sectors jurisdiction from the Ministry of Mines and Energy

5、 to the Presidential Office.Among mature producers,West Africas upstream is particularly awash with changes.In Nigeria,indigenous companies have,in multi-billion-dollar transactions,acquired ownership of onshore IOC assets in the Niger Delta,marking a historic moment for Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Afri

6、cas oil and gas industry.In Angola,IOCs continue to dominate production offshore,and are making significant invest-ments.However,as the Angolan upstream sector matures and its natural decline progresses,An-golan regulators recognize that the nature of the industry must evolve.Smaller,local players a