1、THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE:Russias industrial and political expansion,its environmental costs,and Arctic shipping risks2About Bellona:Bellona is an international science-based non-profit organization headquartered in Norway.Founded in 1986 as an action and protest group,Bellona has evolved into a recogn
2、ized technology-and solution-oriented organization with offices in Oslo,Brussels,Berlin,and Vilnius.Today,more than 70 engineers,ecologists,physicists,chemists,economists,political scientists,and journalists work at Bellona.Bellona makes every effort to ensure that the information published in this
3、report is accurate and free from copyright infringement but does not guarantee or accept any legal responsibility for the accuracy,completeness,interpretation,or usefulness of the information that may result from reading this report.2025 Bellona.All rights reserved.This copy is intended for personal
4、,non-commercial use only.Users may download,print,or copy excerpts from the report for their own non-commercial use.No part of the report may be reproduced without referencing Bellona as the source.Commercial use of the report requires prior consent from Bellona.https:/etc.bellona.orgetcbellona.orgT
5、he Northern Sea Route:Russias industrial and political expansion,its environmental costs,and Arctic shipping risksAuthors:Ksenia Vakhrusheva,Ekaterina Blokova,Vsevolod Levchenko,Yuri SergeevPublished by:Bellona Foundation,VilniusWith the financial support of the European Union.The views and opinions
6、 expressed in the report are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union or CINEA.Neither the European Union nor the granting body can be held responsible for them.Cover photo:Sabetta,Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug,Russia.LNG tanker VLADIMIR RUSANOV.Apri