1、Allianz ResearchClosing the gender income 05 March 2026gap:from paycheck to pensionAllianz Research2Content Page 3-4 Executive SummaryPage 5-6 The gender pay gap has declined but hasnt disappeared Page 7-9 The gender work gap has narrowed but differences in work patterns persistPage 10-11 Gender pen

2、sion gaps reflect lifetime labor market inequality Page 12-16 Unequal care responsibilities remain a central driver of gender gaps Page 17-30 Modelling gender lifetime income gaps across countries and over time Page 31 What can be done to close gender gaps faster?Page 13-14 Box 1:The motherhood pena

3、lty Page 15-16 Box 2:Financial literacy and investment behaviorPage 30Box 3:How artificial intelligence could affect gender gaps 05 March 20263SummaryExecutive Women have made measurable progress over recent decades in narrowing gender pay gaps and increasing labor-force participation but structural

4、 gaps persist.Across the OECD,the unadjusted gender pay gap the percentage difference between the average earnings of all men and all women without accounting for differences in job type,hours worked,experience or seniority has declined from 21%in the early 2000s to 13.7%in 2024,and female labor-for

5、ce participation has risen steadily to 71%,compared with 81%of men.However,single metrics do not capture the full economic impact of these gender disparities as important structural differences remain:women continue to work fewer paid hours,experience more career interruptions and receive on average

6、 23.7%lower pension income than men.Its about more than equal pay:What ultimately matters is total income over the lifecycle.Lower earnings during working years reduce savings capacity,investment returns and pension entitlements.To measure this cumulative effect,we develop an integrated lifecycle mo