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1、Review of greenhouse gas life-cycle assessments of passenger cars in IndiaTHE RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED BY THE TEAM LED BY SUNITHA ANUP(ICCT)AND HEMANT K.SUMAN(IIT ROORKEE)JUNE 20251ICCT WORKING PAPER|REVIEW OF GREENHOUSE GAS LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF PASSENGER CARS IN INDIASUMMARYThis study reviews si

2、x life-cycle greenhouse gas(GHG)emission assessments of passenger cars in India,focusing on three powertrain types:internal combustion engine vehicles(ICEVs),hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs),and battery electric vehicles(BEVs).It finds that key differences in assumptionsespecially concerning grid carb

3、on intensity,test versus real-world energy use,and fuel typeare primary drivers of variation in reported GHG emissions.A statistical bootstrapping analysis showed that these three factors alone accounted for nearly 75%of the variance in life-cycle emission estimates across studies.Based on these fin

4、dings,researchers undertaking future assessments of life-cycle emissions from passenger cars in India could consider using dynamic grid carbon intensity values,accounting for hybrid vehicles,applying real-world energy consumption adjustments,and refining assumptions about biofuel blending and land-u

5、se change.A harmonized approach to life-cycle assessments can better support policymaking on fuel efficiency standards,zero-emission vehicle mandates,and incentives for cleaner technologies.INTRODUCTIONIn its Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement,India pledged to achieve net-z

6、ero GHG emissions by 2070.The transportation sector is responsible for nearly 14%of Indias total GHG emissions and is the fastest-growing sector in India in terms of annual GHG emissions(Kumar et al.,2022).Approximately 3.9 million passenger cars were sold in India in fiscal year(FY)202223,positioni