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1、Bitcoin and Quantum Computing:Current Status and Future DirectionsDr.Anthony MiltonDr.Clara ShikhelmanThe authors would like to thank Ethan Heilman,GloriaZhao,Shai(Deshe)Wyborski,AlanSzepieniec and StephenDeLorme for their time and efforts in review.May 20252Table of Contents1.Executive Summary.3Upg

2、rade Timeline.42.Introduction.53.Quantum Computing.7State of Quantum Computing in 2025.74.Threat Model:Quantum Risk to Bitcoin.9Public Key Vulnerability and Bitcoin Theft.9Vulnerability Classification by Bitcoin Script Type.10Other Avenues for Public Key Exposure.12Ecosystem Vulnerabilities.13Bitcoi

3、ns Hash Functions and Grovers Algorithm.13Impact on Bitcoin Mining.145.Post-Quantum Cryptography.17Post-Quantum Cryptography.17NISTs Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process.19Government Post-Quantum Initiatives and Timelines.19Post-Quantum Cryptography in Industry.226.Post Quantum Bitcoin.

4、24Post-Quantum Cryptography Efforts in Bitcoin 24Philosophical Dilemma:Burn vs.Steal.29Size and Ownership of Quantum-Vulnerable Funds.30Post-Quantum Cryptography in Other Cryptocurrencies.317.Migration Pathways Overview.32UTXO Migration.32Migration Mechanisms.32Soft Fork Activation Methods.36Stakeho

5、lder Preparation and Ecosystem Coordination.368.Path Forward.38Short-Term Contingency Measures.38Long-Term Comprehensive Path.39Projecting Forward.429.Conclusion.44I.CRQC Timeline Assessment.44II.Scope of Vulnerable Funds .44III.Immediate Protective Measures.45IV.Considerations for Bitcoin Mining.45

6、V.Burn vs.Steal Dilemma.45VI.Migration Pathways.45VII.Strategy for Action.46VIII.Ongoing Efforts&Future Directions.4610.References.4731.Executive SummaryCryptographically relevant quantum computers(CRQCs)pose a significant threat to Bitcoin,potentially enabling the theft of 6.26 million BTC(US$650 b