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世界银行:2025养老照护需求变迁对印度尼西亚劳动力市场的影响研究报告(英文版)(82页).pdf

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1. **养老金可持续性挑战**:墨西哥Adultos Mayores计划和中国新农保因人口老龄化面临财政风险,需平衡覆盖范围与财政审慎,并加强地方政府和个人共同出资(Herrera-Bustamante 2022; Wang and Béland 2014)。 2. **长期护理保险(LTCI)效益**:LTCI可提升老年人健康(如中国试点改善自评健康和认知功能)、降低医疗费用,但设计依赖性大(如日本调整福利影响劳动力参与)(Lei et al. 2022; Fu et al. 2017)。 3. **社区养老服务有效性**:泰国和中国的社区服务(如日间照料、健康监测)减轻照护负担,降低家庭医疗支出,且成本低于机构养老(Aung et al. 2022; Han et al. 2023)。 4. **创新与融资**:卢旺达Ejo Heza计划通过数字技术提升参保率;印尼可通过烟草税改革(增税33%覆盖40%低收入群体)和优化行政效率增加财政空间(Hartley and Abels 2025; Holmemo et al. 2020)。
养老金可持续吗? 老人如何安享晚年? 护工短缺怎么办?
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