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亚太经合组织:2025年APEC经济政策报告:以结构性改革提升正规经济参与度(英文版)(84页).pdf

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1、APEC ECONOMICPOLICY REPORT2025Structural Reform to IncreaseParticipation in the Formal Economy APEC ECONOMIC POLICY REPORT 2025 Structural Reform to Increase Participation in the Formal Economy APEC Economic Committee February 2026 Prepared or printed by Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat

2、 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace,Singapore 119616 Tel:(65)6891 9600|Fax:(65)6891 9690 Email:infoapec.org|Website:www.apec.org 2026 APEC Secretariat APEC#226-EC-01.3 ISSN:0218-9763 2025 APEC Economic Policy Report:Structural Reform to Increase Participation in the Formal Economy ii PREFACE The informal econ

3、omy is everywhere but also nowhere.Each day,informal economy actors trade goods,provide services and engage in business transactions.People and firms in the informal economy generate value in our communities,but their contribution to the economy is largely unseen in economic data.They often shoulder

4、 higher levels of risk and vulnerability,but they are generally out of the reach of safety and regulatory bodies.Informal sector firms productivity is generally lower,and their workers are likely to have less access to development opportunities and protections.While the circumstances for being in th

5、e informal sector vary some are there by choice;for others,it is the only way to participate in the economy it is clear that pathways to formalisation need to be enhanced for the benefit of firms,workers and the economy.This years APEC Economic Policy Report(AEPR)discusses the important topic of Str

6、uctural Reform to Increase Participation in the Formal Economy,highlighting the challenges and opportunities to opening pathways for formalisation.It analyses the four types of informality and their root causes,and explores the complex relationship between informality and economic growth.It then rec

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1. **APEC经济体非正规经济规模**:2020年,非正规经济产出占GDP比重在马来西亚(超30%)、墨西哥(超30%)、秘鲁(超30%)等发展中经济体较高,而美国(8.5%)、韩国(22.5%)等发达经济体较低。部分经济体(如菲律宾、俄罗斯)自2000年以来非正规经济占比有所下降。 2. **非正规就业与自雇率**:印尼(81.2%)、秘鲁(72.1%)等非正规就业率较高,而发达经济体普遍低于20%。自雇率在印尼、秘鲁等发展中经济体超50%,发达经济体多低于20%。 3. **非正规化类型与成因**:分为四类(生存型、逃避型、制度障碍型、结构性缺口型),主要根源包括治理薄弱(如腐败控制未改善)、人力资本不足(教育质量与生产率低)、监管与税负过重(如秘鲁获经营许可需118天)、金融与市场准入受限。 4. **经济影响**:非正规经济每扩大1%,GDP增长可能下降4.9%-7.7%;非正规工人收入仅为正式工的56%,加剧贫困。 5. **政策建议**:加强治理与数字化、提升人力资本(如技能培训)、降低合规成本、平衡税负与社会保护,以促进正规化。
非正规经济危害? 如何推动经济正规化? 正规化有何益处?
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