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国家能源局试点六省分布式光伏项目承载力评估

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所属报告：

国际能源署：2025中国的分布式能源融合发展：国际经验启示报告（69页）.pdf

打包全文图表

第1章.中国分布式能源的现状第三方开发商，由后者安装光伏系统并将所发电力直接出售给电网。这种模式虽然在经济上对开发商很有吸引力，并得到了农村经济发展政策的支持，但也引发了对土地使用和电网阻塞的担忧，而且面临着日益严峻的监管挑战。由于许多地区的太阳能光伏发电量开始超过当地需求，电网阻塞成为一个普遍问题，尤其是在负荷有限且配电基础设施投资不足的农村地区。由于约有75%的分布式光伏系统按电压等级接入，电压稳定性、反向电力流和局部过载等问题日益频繁。以河北省北部的冀北电网为例，2024年1～10月，因分布式光伏接入导致反向重过载配变数量同比增加75%，配变过电压越限数量同比增加66%。配电网的灵活性不足，加剧了这些挑战。大多数配电网的设计都针对单向电力流，无法容纳高比例的波动性分布式发电。储能和调节能力仍然不足，尤其是在太阳能发电量达到峰值且电力需求相对较低的中午时段。如果没有先进的控制措施或灵活的需求来吸收这些剩余发电量，系统就很难维持稳定运行。为了更好地了解和解决这些问题，国家能源局在2023年开展了一项试点计划，对的电网承载力进行了评估。结果显示，除浙江外，许多地区都普遍存在并网容量约束问题。此后，一些地方政府将电网容量饱和的地区划为“黄色"或"红色"区域，在这些区域不鼓励或完全限制新的分布式光伏项目接入。虽然最初的限制主要针对住宅系统，但从2024年开始，广东、湖南和湖北等省的大型工商业建筑项目也受到了接入限制。截至2024年底，11个省报告了超过450个“红色"区域。此外，在一些用电阻塞地区，地方政府采取了相关措施来调整太阳能光伏发电的报偿，如减少保障性收购小时数，以及调整上网电价区间，这直接影响了运营商的收入来源。

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